For representative purposes.
| Photo Credit: iStockphoto
The story so far: For India, an economy in growth mode with aspirations for energy independence and a pledge to reach net-zero emissions by 2070, the exploitation and use of natural hydrogen offers a potentially game-changing opportunity. In an increasingly volatile world where national sovereignty, economic stability, and energy security become inseparable, tapping into this naturally occurring commodity could go a long way toward enhancing India’s strategic autonomy.
How much potential does India have?
India’s hydrogen demand was projected to grow from six million tonnes per year (Mt/year) in 2020 to over 50 Mt/year by 2070 to support its net-zero target. A preliminary study, by some members of academia referencing model predictions of global geologic hydrogen resources, arrives at a value of 3,475 million tonnes of natural hydrogen potential in India. If these estimates were to be true, we may not even need to engage in the process of manufacturing hydrogen anymore but rather pursue the quest of finding and producing naturally occurring hydrogen that would help decarbonise our economy faster at a lower cost.
On the heels of the recent findings of natural hydrogen reserves in the Andamans, stakeholders need to come up with directional estimates to bring attention of policy makers and investors to the overall potential of natural hydrogen in India. A comprehensive geological study is essential, considering critical factors such as the quality, extent, thickness, accessibility, and hydrocarbon generation potential of the source rock; presence and effectiveness of seals and traps; size and viability of hydrocarbon accumulations; potential losses during migration; and the accessibility of the area for exploration and development.
What are the challenges?
Natural hydrogen exploitation and exploration is no easy feat. It has technical, logistical, economical, and safety-related challenges. Accurately locating and quantifying underground hydrogen reserves is the primary challenge. Unlike oil and gas, for which well-established exploration techniques exist, natural hydrogen exploration is still evolving. Additionally, efficient and cost-effective extraction technology for natural hydrogen is key. While modifying current gas industry practices associated with well drilling and extraction facilities, one must consider hydrogen’s specific properties, including its small molecular size and high diffusivity. Studies into extraction solutions for lowest cost hydrogen are in progress.
Hydrogen extraction also involves specific safety issues as opposed to hydrocarbons because of its high diffusivity and reactivity. Mitigation measures involve the study and application of hydrogen-resistant materials such as metal coatings and advanced alloys, cement additives to make it more resistant to hydrogen, and rubber fillers to avoid degradation.
How can India kickstart the process?
A key component of the Indian Solar PV mission’s growth was the German Agency for International Cooperation-National Institute of Wind Energy funded Solar Radiation Resource Assessment (SRRA) Project under the National Solar Mission that commissioned 121 SRRA stations along with four Advanced Monitoring Stations (AMS). Natural hydrogen agencies can formulate a similar public private partnership to assist in the identification of potential geographical deposits by using a mixture of advanced petrophysical characterisation, gravity, and magneto telluric methods in addition to the geophysical methods being employed currently. Magneto telluric surveys, like the AusLAMP and USArray programs, use a network of instruments to collect data over a wide area to create a 3D model of the subsurface resistivity structure; an approach that could be replicated across the entirety of the country to produce a Natural Hydrogen Deposit map for India.
The U.S. ARPA-E’s newly funded projects take exploring the potential of geologic hydrogen beyond locating and extracting trapped geologic hydrogen towards the possibility that hydrogen can be produced intentionally, by drilling and flowing water into rock and then transporting the hydrogen to the surface for collection. Another approach involves injecting water with dissolved carbon dioxide into iron-containing rocks that could potentially lead to carbon sequestration as limestone while simultaneously producing hydrogen.
The Oil and Gas Exploration industry in India, with the help of the Directorate General of Hydrocarbons, could review the rock samples available with them and explore more wells across the country with adequate grant and debt capital. A few of the current natural gas pipelines could be suitable for transporting hydrogen with adequate modifications and safety studies. Creating low-cost and safe solutions for hydrogen storage, especially massive underground storage, is imperative.
Even as estimates indicate natural hydrogen production would be much lower in cost than produced hydrogen, the actual cost of exploration, extraction, and infrastructure investment must be weighed seriously. Commercial feasibility will rely on finding large and accessible reserves and minimising extraction and delivery costs. Targeted exploration in areas of high potential, cost-reducing extraction technology development, and institution of transparent regulatory systems are essential to spur investment and market growth.
Kalyan Mangalapalli is an expert in Energy and Emerging Technologies and serves as a member of the International Advisory Board of the Indian Institute of Petroleum Energy, Visakhapatnam. This is the second of a two part series on naturally occurring hydrogen reserves.
Published – May 02, 2025 08:30 am IST
